by the University of Michigan
Members of antiwar movement CODEPINK hold a candlelight vigil to oppose the escalation of the war in Afghanistan at the new Federal Building on Thursday, Dec. 3. The group demands for a redirection of resources toward human needs. “This escalation is hopeless. Afghanistan needs an escalation of humanitarianaid and jobs, not war, the group’s, says the group in a written statement. (photo by Marvin J. Ramirez)
ANN ARBOR, Mich.— Video games can make children kinder and more likely to help – not hurt – other people.
That’s the conclusion of new research published in the current (June 2009) issue of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, a top-tier, peer-reviewed academic journal.
The article presents the findings of three separate studies, conducted in different countries with different age groups, and using different scientific approaches. All the studies find that playing games with prosocial content causes players to be more helpful to others after the game is over.
The report is co-authored by a consortium of researchers from the U.S., Japan, Singapore, and Malaysia.
“Dozens of studies have documented a relationship between violent video games and aggressive behaviors,” says lead author Douglas Gentile, an Iowa State University psychologist. “But this is one of the first that has documented the positive effects of playing prosocial games.”
“These studies show the same kind of impact on three different age groups from three very different cultures,” says Brad Bushman, a University of Michigan co-author of the report. “In addition, the studies use different analytic approaches – correlational, longitudinal, and experimental. The resulting triangulation of evidence provides the strongest possible proof that the findings are both valid and generalizable.”
“These studies document that children and adolescents learn from practicing behaviors in games,” added Rowell Huesmann, another U-M co-author of the report.
One study examined the link between video game habits and prosocial behavior among 727 secondary students in Singapore, with a mean age of 13. Students listed their favorite games and rated how often game characters helped, hurt, or killed other characters. They also answered questions about how likely they were to spend time and money helping people in need, to cooperate with others and share their belongings, and to react aggressively in various situations.
As in numerous other studies, the researchers found a strong correlation between playing violent video games and hurting others. But the study also found a strong correlation between playing prosocial games and helping others.
The second study analyzed the long-term connection between video game habits and prosocial behavior in nearly 2,000 Japanese children ages 10 to 16. Participants completed a survey about their exposure to prosocial video games, and rated how often they had helped other people in the last month. Three to four months later, they were surveyed again, and researchers found a significant connection between exposure to prosocial games and helpful behavior months later.
“This suggests there is an upward spiral of prosocial gaming and helpful behavior, in contrast to the downward spiral that occurs with violent video gaming and aggressive behavior,” says Bushman, a professor of communications and psychology and a research professor at the U-M Institute for Social Research (ISR).
For the third study, the researchers carried out an experiment with 161 U.S. college students, mean age 19. After playing either a prosocial, violent, or neutral game, participants were asked to assign puzzles to a randomly selected partner. They could chose from puzzles that were easy, medium, or hard to complete. Their partner could win $10 if they solved all the puzzles. Those who played a prosocial game were considerably more helpful than others, assigning more easy puzzles to their partners. And those who had played violent games were signifi cantly more likely to assign the hardest puzzles.
“Taken together, these fi ndings make it clear that playing video games is not in itself good or bad for children,” says Bushman. “The type of content in the game has a bigger impact than the overall amount of time spent playing.”
