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by the University of Michigan

ANN ARBOR, Michigan. – Relying on principles similar to those that cause Jell-O to congeal into that familiar, wiggly treat, University of Michigan researchers are devising a new method of detecting nitric oxide in exhaled breath. Because elevated concentrations of nitric oxide in breath are a telltale sign of many diseases, including lung cancer and tuberculosis, this development could prove useful in diagnosing illness and monitoring the effects of treatment.

Assistant professor of chemistry Anne McNeil and graduate student Jing Chen will discuss the work at the spring meeting of the American Chemical Society in Salt Lake City, UT.

McNeil and Chen work with molecular gels, which differ from Jell-O in being made up of small molecules, rather than proteins. But there are also key similarities, said McNeil.

“In both Jell-O and molecular gels, you can use heat to dissolve the material, which then precipitates out into a gel structure. This gel structure is basically a fibrous network that entraps solvent in little pockets.”

The researchers wanted to design a material made up of molecules that would organize themselves into a gel when prompted by particular cue (in this case, the presence of nitric oxide and oxygen).

Other research groups have achieved similar feats with materials whose solubility changes when exposed to triggers (for example, a change in pH). But McNeil had the idea of promoting the process, known as stimuli-induced gelation, by changing the stackability of the molecules that make up the material.

“We took the approach of designing a molecule that has a shape that won’t pack together with other, identical molecules very well, but will change into a more stackable shape on exposure to nitric oxide,” McNeil said. When the molecules stack together, gelation occurs.

Because it’s easy to see when the material stops flowing and turns into a gel, this method of nitric oxide detection is simpler and less subject to interpretation than other detection methods such as colorimetry and spectroscopy.

“I like the simplicity of not needing an instrument and just being able to flip the sample vial over and see if a gel has formed,” McNeil said. At this point, the new technique isn’t sensitive enough for clinical use, but McNeil and Chen are working to improve its sensitivity. They’re also extending the approach to design materials that would use stimuli-induced gelation to detect hazardous materials, such as explosives.

McNeil and Chen reported earlier stages of their work in a paper published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society last November. (­http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja807651a).

by Edwin Mora

Francisco Dimas, of the FMLN, gives last minute information on the presidential election in El Salvador on March 15 at El Balazo Taquería, in which Mauricio Funes of the FMLN won over the ARENA candidate.

Hunger for higher education is growing among Latinos, according to a U.S. Census Bureau report released March 4. It revealed that full-time Latino students made up 11.5 percent of the U.S. college student population in 2007, a leap from 10.3 percent in 2006. Overall, there were 1.5 million Hispanics enrolled full-time in 2007, as well as 8.3 million white non-Hispanic students, with blacks at 1.7 million and Asians at ­900,000.

The overall college student population, which includes individuals 15 yeans of age and older enrolled in undergraduate and graduate full-time classes, was 12.7 million, up from12.0 million the year before.

Other highlights in the report included.

• Of the full-time college enrollees, Hispanic women retained their majority status over Hispanic men. They comprised 55°/e of undergraduates and 60°/e of graduates, for a total of 859,000 enrolled full-time.
• Latino males made up the remaining 600,000.
• Of the 5.3 million part-time college students age 15 or older, Hispanics made up 713,000, or 13.5 percent.

In sum, there are approximately 2.2 million Hispanics enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs, both part-time and full-time. Hispanic figures are based on data collected in the October School Enrollment Supplement to the Current Population Survey. Most data are broken down by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, family income, type of college, employment status and vocational course enrollment.

Older Latinos contributed significantly to the increase in Hispanics on campuses. Those in the 35-orolder bracket made up 15 percent of all students in that age range. They accounted for 7 percent of the full-time college students and 36 percent of those attending part-time.

Slightly more than one in four (27 percent) age 3 and older were enrolled in classes—from nursery school to graduate studies in 2007. Those in grades one through 12 made up nearly two-thirds of that number (64 percent).

Unemployment rate for Hispanics accelerates into double digits

by Gracia Salvemini

Hispanic unemployment leaped over one percent into double digits during February.

A survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, documented it as 10.9 percent, a significant increase over the 9.7°/0 January rate.

The increase means that Hispanics lost 242,000 jobs within a month.

On March 6, Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis announced that the U.S. economy lost 651,000 jobs in February.

The national unemployment rate is now 8.1 percent. About 4.4 million Americans have lost their jobs since the beginning of the recession in 2008.

Solis stated her plans to “re-start lending for consumers and small businesses, help responsible home owners pay their mortgages and re-finance their homes, and address the long-term economic challenges we face. Hispanic ­link.

by the El Reportero’s news service

Mauricio Fumes

El Salvador’s president-elect, Mauricio Funes, reiterated on March 16, that he would not align himself with Venezuela’s leftwing President Hugo Chávez and his socialist “Bolivarian Revolution.”

It is clear that maintaining close U.S. ties will be a top priority for El Salvador’s newly elected leftist president, who met with U.S. embassy officials soon after stripping power from the ruling conservative party, which had enjoyed 20 years at the helm and a solid alliance with Washington, wrote The Miami Herald.

Mauricio Funes of the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, or FMLN — a former guerrilla movement — met with U.S. Embassy Charges d’Affaires Robert Blau after declaring victory in a raucous election that split the nation between those who support continuity over a new face in the political spectrum.

According to the results announced by the Supreme Electoral Court (TSE), Funes won 51.26 percent of the votes, while his rival Rodrigo Avila was supported by 48.74 percent.

David Munguia, a Funes security advisor and former colonel in the Salvadoran army, said the president elect has sent clear messages he will maintain close U.S. ties.

‘’These messages will allow us to build a government that doesn’t seek confrontation,’’ said Munguia, who is part of Funes’ 12-member transition team. First contact is to be made this week with a visit by U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs Thomas Shannon.

Funes, who will took power on June 1, is facing huge challenges, but the most important ones are to reduce poverty and violence.

Mexico moves up U.S. priority list

Mexico’s president Felipe Calderón Hinojosa and his government do not seem to know whether to be pleased or horrifi ed that the US government is taking such an interest in what is happening in Mexico. There is an awkward awareness, on both sides of the border, of the U.S.’s history of ignoring the Mexican government when the US feels that military action has to be taken in Mexico.

A delightful sense of Schadenfreude

Latin American bankers and regulators would be less than human if they did not feel a tingle of Schadenfreude at the problems to hit the world’s big banks. For years, U.S. and European bankers and regulators have lectured the region about the importance of living within its means and matching assets and liabilities.

Latin American bankers and regulators have practiced what was preached at them and, as a result, the region’s fi nancial systems look in good shape.

Regional defense council launches amid renewed tension

The Defense Council of the Union of South American Nations (Unasur) was launched this week in Santiago de Chile. The timing of the launch was significant. Just over one year ago, a cross-border incursion by Colombian troops to destroy an encampment of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FAR) in Ecuador sparked a ­diplomatic crisis with Ecuador and Venezuela. Tension is still running high, and there is no immediate prospect of Ecuador restoring diplomatic relations with Colombia. Injudicious remarks by Colombia’s defense minister, Juan Manuel Santos, last week prompted a disproportionate response from Ecuador’s President Rafael Correa and Venezuela’s President Hugo Chávez.

Farc and drugs scandal rattles Ecuador as elections loom

An investigation into a cocaine shipment seized in 2007 has revealed hitherto unreported contacts between a senior offi cial from the government of President Rafael Correa and the ex number-two leader of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) almost up to the eve of the Colombian raid on his camp inside Ecuador in which he was killed. Its ramifi cations, which have already affected a regional human rights NGO, could prove damaging to Correa in the run-up to the 26 April general elections.

by Anne Wake Field

An influential new force has joined the expanding lineup of frustrated and angry critics of the federal government for its repeated failures to undo this nation’s widening immigration mess.

After digesting an extensive study covering the impact of federal inaction on local government entities, which it ordered last year, and conferring with a cross-section of its membership and officers, the International City/County Management Association is circulating its findings and recommendations to the Obama administration and Congress.

ICMA serves 9,000 municipal and county jurisdictions throughout the world. Its management decisions, it maintains, ‘’affect 185 million individuals living in thousands of communities, from small villages and towns to large metropolitan areas.”

The Washington, D.C.-based organization is calling on U.S. political powerbrokers to heed the findings of its report by incorporating four principles into a comprehensive U.S. immigration strategy:

1. Overhaul U.S. policy to reflect current (continued on page economic and social realities, including appropriate enforcement.
2. Place control at the national level and immigrant integration at the local level.
3. Conduct federal enforcement that considers the impact on communities and local governments and promotes human rights.
4. Redistribute resources equitably that are generated by immigrants.

ICMA deputy executive director Elizabeth Kellar told Hispanic Link News Service and other participating media during a March 5 teleconference, “The absence of a comprehensive approach creates public health and safety issues for our country. Local government managers see the consequences of a patchwork approach to immigration in their communities every day.”

The report, “Immigration Reform: An Intergovernmental Imperative,” stated that the current piecemeal efforts jeopardize the safety and security of citizens and immigrants alike, while imposing significant burdens on the economic and social fabric of localities.

Additionally, it said, the confusion creates intergovernmental tensions that may impede effective working relations on other issues.

Nadia Rubaii-Barrett, the report’s author, elaborated during the teleconference, “To be competitive in an increasingly interdependent and connected world, the United States needs to articulate and implement a comprehensive and coordinated intergovernmental strategy to maximize the benefits of immigrants and minimize the dangers and costs of uncontrolled immigration.

Two affected local officials also spoke, sharing their “on-the-ground” experiences.

Arlington County, Va., manager Ron Carlee emphasized local governments “must set the tone for a welcoming, tolerant and inclusive environment.

“Otherwise, there is a danger of unintended consequences from exclusion.

Creating a culture of fear and distrust of law enforcement makes a community less safe.

Denying educational opportunities to students who may continue to live in this county makes a community less safe. Denying such basic services as well as baby care, immunizations and treatment of communicable diseases makes a community less safe.”

Michael (Dave) O’Leary, city administrator of Shelton, Washington, added, “The idea is to build trust so we can get people to report crimes and then bring violators to justice. This is hard work. Many immigrants have come from places where law enforcement is to be feared. Over time, we have made progress. Occasionally, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) personnel come to town and conduct surprise arrests. Our city is caught between the goals of our national government enforcing immigration laws and those of our local government protecting people. Immigrants tend to see law enforcement as one entity. When ICE does its work, it undermines ours”.

Concluded report author Rubaii-Barrett, Department of Public Administration chair at Binghamton University’s College of Community and Public Affairs, ­“Professional local government administrators, who see on a daily basis the potential for positive immigrant contributions to their communities and the negative economic and social consequences of the current failed policies, understand that a comprehensive immigration strategy must begin with a clearly articulated division of responsibilities and the establishment and enforcement of sensible immigration policies that meet the economic and social needs of the 21st century without sacrificing security.” Hispanic Link.